Branches of Philosophy Essay

There are five types of branches in philosophy. These branches can be categories as Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics, and Estetics. The first branch of philosophy is Metaphysics, also known as the study of existence. Metaphysics act as a foundation in philosophy as well as the foundation of the view of our world. Metaphysics is very important to all of us as it help us to deal with reality by explaining and interpreting the world and nature around us. As you can see, without Metaphysics in our life, we will be unable to preserve our life as well as being ambiguous toward the information and knowledge around us, if this happen, we will have difficulty to live and comprehend the world. Therefore, Metaphysics is very important in our life. There are also some key elements of a rational metaphysics, one of the most important element would be reality. From a metaphysical side of view, reality must be understood perfectly and correctly because reality can be said as absolute and consistent. It has a specific nature independent of our thoughts or feelings. Besides reality, causality also play an important role in metaphysics. This is because everything happens for a reason and also an effect. Every entity has a specific nature and act according to that specific nature. Therefore, we can define that causality is means by which changes occurs, but the changes occurs depending on a specific nature. The next branch of philosophy is Epistemology, which is also known as the study of knowledge. This branch of philosophy is used to address the question â€Å"How do I know about it† as Epistemology is the study of our method or ways to acquired knowledge. It also relates our minds to reality by concerning how are they related to each other before determine whether these relationships are valid or invalid. Epistemology also encompasses the nature and construction of concepts. All mental things such as idea and emotion are also compasses by Epistemology. We need to have Epistemology in order to identify the true and false in our daily life and also the method or ways of evaluating certain things to acquired knowledge and experience toward the world around us. Epistemology is important because we will not be able to identify right from wrong as we are unable to think properly without Epistemology. On the other hand, we will be able to achieve our goal as well as acquired more understanding toward reality if we got enough degree of Epistemology. Flaws in epistemology will make it harder to accomplish anything. One of the key elements of a proper Epistemology is our own senses. Our five senses are valid and also are the only way we can gain information about the world around us. Besides that, logic help us to maintain consistency within our knowledge. Validity is determined by objectivity while concepts are abstraction of a certain details of reality. These are all the key elements for a rational Epistemology. Ethics, also known as the study of how a person acts in his daily life, is dependent on Epistemology because it is impossible to make choices without knowledge. From a fundamental point of view, ethics is a method or way to categorized and pursue our own values. Human needs Ethics to live. This is because without ethics, the whole world will become chaotic as all our action will be aimless and random as all of us are unable to decide a course of action. Ethics will not be able to completely help us to pursue our goal if rationality is ignored. We must all have a rational ethical standard at a certain degree which we are able to identify our goal clearly in order to accomplish our most important values. Every branches of philosophy have their own key element to achieve certain level of value. For ethics, it requires a standard of value to which all goals and actions can be compared to. The ultimate standard of value is none other but the value of our own lives. If a person is able to recognize his importance not only to his physical survival, but to his well-being and happiness, that certain person can be said to have a very good and proper ethics in his life. One of the subset of ethics will be the next branches of philosophy known as Politics. Politics can be defined as the study of how men should interact in a proper society and what constitute proper in life, in other words, it is the study of Force which answer the question ‘What action are permissible’. Politics can be applied to every single person or a group of people. A society is set up by Politics as politics tell how a person should act or behave within a certain society. Politics is very important in a society and even a country itself, this is because a political system in a society or country will greatly affect the individuals within that specific area. The people within that system are allowed to function or act according to the nature of the politics that is applied there. If the system is unable to work out, it will either collapse such as the Communist Russia or it will cause rebel such as in Czarist Russia. The main goal of Politics must be the faculty of reason. This is because reason is the main means of survival for a man as ones cannot survive in an ineffective environment. In a moral political system, coercion must be banned because reason does not function under it as man cannot be forced to think about what is right or wrong. Society cannot be forced to think, but, government plays an important role here as governments can objective laws and also monopoly retaliatory force to prevent one person from doing illegal things that might harm the society. The last branch of philosophy is also known as the study of arts and the sense of life which is called Esthetics. Esthetics also studies the methods of evaluating arts and also the judgment of arts itself. This branch of philosophy depends on the previous branches of philosophy which is Metaphysics, Epistemology, and ethics. It is important to study art because art existed through all of recorded human history. Human’s unique ways of thinking and evaluating makes art unique as well. A person ability to abstract the concept of art can determined the standard of one’s life as well as satisfying his personal intellectual needs. This is why Esthetics is very important as it delves into the reason why does art existed. The main key element of a proper Esthetics is none other than a person’s value judgment of the creator. With the field of ethics, these value judgments can be evaluated as well as observed because art is a selective recreation of reality.

Education Is the Main Agent of Secondary Socialisation Essay

Secondary socialisation is an ongoing process which occurs when a child leaves a family environment and continues learning how to live as a member of society. There is always an influence to help carry out this process, this is known as an agent of socialisation. The perfect example of an agent of secondary socialisation is Education, more precisely, school. At school, the student continues learning that which they started learning at home. The aim of education is for the individual to learn how to behave in certain situations and places. One of the main aims of education in schools is the preparation for the world of work, one of the most predominant aspects of social life. Functionalists view the positive aspects when it comes to education’s contribution to society as a whole. Functionalists view education as meritocratic, stating that it is a system which is fair on everyone. They attribute intelligence and effort as being the keys to success. Parsons, a functionalist, says that schools are a major tool when it comes to role allocation. He views education as being important when selecting the future roles of individuals in society. In his own words, he states that an educational system ‘’functions to allocate these human resources within the role-structure of adult society’. Parsons therefore concludes that schools test the student while also evaluates them, to give a suitable job based upon the talents and skills that the student has. Parsons view regarding the values transmitted may not have been that of society as a whole, but perhaps as a ruling minority. Something which Parsons has been criticised for. His view upon schools being a meritocratic system was also questioned. Meanwhile, another functionalist, Durkheim, says that schools are society in miniature which is modelled after the social system. Same as in society, in school, an individual has to abide by a certain set of rules which in turn prepares the student for interaction with the members of society as a whole. Durkheim believes that the rules should be enforced and also punishments should be given to reflect the offence’s seriousness. This being done as a lesson for pupils to act in favour of the interests of society as a whole and also learning to exercise self-discipline in the process. Durkheim also claims that the students learn specific skills which are important for their future occupation, saying that this is important due to the increasing specialisation of labour. Durkheim is criticized for her descriptions of how schools act, with some researchers questioning this. David Hargreaves says that education in modern Britain fails to promote self-discipline. Bowles and Gintis, Marxist economists, do not agree with the Functionalists in their view that education is meritocratic. They believe that achievement can be influenced by the class background, citing this influence as the most important one, claiming that there is no such thing as equality. Despite education being open to all, they claim that some have more opportunities than others. Children who are of wealthier and more powerful backgrounds tend to have higher qualifications and more respectable jobs, without any reference to their abilities. Bowles and Gintis say that this is disguised by a myth of meritocracy done by the educational system. Those who do not have access to success do not blame the system which has forced them to fail, but blame themselves. Their views are criticised for claims regarding how the student’s personalities are shaped because of the school. No matter what kind of view or perspective is presented regarding the subject of education, it is quite obvious that education or school is one of the main agents of socialisation because we can say that school regulations are similar to those we find in the work place. Therefore the student learns norms and values that are expected in society.

AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY - Essay Example Violent groups like Ku Klux Klan terrorized and killed many blacks; whites who sympathized with blacks were beaten up and murdered. Other groups that were in support of slavery comprised; the White League, that started from white reservists in Grant Parish, Louisiana, in 1874 and the Red Shirts that started in Mississippi. These revolutionary organizations rose in the South during the mid-1870s and were more focused in challenging Republican governments, overturning the black vote and attaining political goals (Hine & Harrold, 38-39). Unlike southerners, northerners were strongly against slavery. They devoted their lives to securing black freedom. As time went on many people united in the fight to end captivity and many slaves were helped escape to the North trough secret routes. Blacks were also themselves against slavery. They organized groups such as American Society of Free Persons of Color, which gave social aid to poor blacks and planned answers to political issues and Black church that rose to be the central point of the Black community. It served as a place of worship, educational center, a place where African heritage was celebrated. Even though there existed strong force against Black freedom: slavery, some African Americans that were elected leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Hiram Revels amongst many others that came to Congress from South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi were also strongly against slavery. They were for the Blacks freedom. These new politicians gave support to the Republicans and brought further developments to their lives. Schools for black children established since they were not permitted to join same schools with whites. These â€Å"separate but equal† institutions were so important in shaping the lives of blacks as they were able to learn and build their strengths freely without discrimination. This

Challenging behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Challenging behaviour - Essay Example There are numerous theories that explain the causes of challenging behaviours among children. The first theory that helps in understanding challenging behaviour among children is the behavioural theory that asserts that behaviour is a result of the learning environment (Prizant, Audet and Burke, 1990, p 184). According o this theory, reinforcements such as rewards and sanctions will either make the behaviour gain strength or disappear. Behavioural perspective assumes that negative reinforcements will reduce the intensity and frequency of the challenging behaviour. According to the theory, children visualize, imagine, and respond to the external stimuli (Papatheodorou, 2005).   Psychodynamic perspective assumes that challenging behaviour results from unconscious conflicts that the children are unaware of their existence (Porter, 2003). The attachment patterns will continue to have an impact on the future development of the child while in school. Stories and play can enable the child to process the unconscious conflicts thus reducing the frequency of the challenging behaviour (Prizant, Audet and Burke, 1990, p 187). The theory suggests that children will be able to alter challenging behaviour soon they become aware of their consciousness (Porter, 2003).The third theory that explains the cause of challenging behaviour is the biopsychosocial theory that asserts that behaviour results from brain growth and genetic factors. The biopsychosocial perspective also entails social, family and health factors. that contribute to the occurrence of challenging behaviours among the children. The model assumes that children are born with certain temperamental constitution that is biological and provides the genetic basis of the child’s personality (Walker-Hall and Sylva, 2001). Although the unique temperament of the child remains stable through out the life span, the exhibited behaviours change with time due to the influence of the social environment thus leading to sup pression of some challenging behaviours. Some of the temperamental factors include the child’s activity level, stubbornness, sensory threshold, and adaptability to new activities (Ayers, Clarke and Murry, 2000). According to the humanistic theory, self-concept attainment is responsible for children behaviours. The theory asserts that the immediate environment should nurture the emotional

Longitudinal Strategic Development Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Longitudinal Strategic Development Study - Essay Example The past twenty-five years may be described as growing years. From its creation in 1971 up 2006 before the big fall of its share price, the company was observed adopting growing and expansion strategies as a logical explanation of its continued stock price. See Appendix A. The dramatic ascension of Starbucks from a single coffee store in Seattle’s Pike Place market to a Fortune 500 company in 2009 could now be considered an American business legend that would show a different kind of entrepreneurial skill from the founders and managers. A critical development that contributed to its expansion strategies involved the hiring of Howard Schultz as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing. Mr. Schultz who operated a coffee bar chain eventually bought the company from the original owners led by Baldwin. After rebranding his coffee chain into Starbucks, he eventually became the Chairman and CEO of the company and continues to occupy the position even at present. Mr. Schultz was th en living in New York as he managed the U.S. operations of a Swedish kitchenware company. It was his being fascinated about ordering large quantities of an unusual kind of coffee filter by a small Seattle company, Starbucks coffee, that caused the man to visit the store in 1981. Starbucks owners-mangers named Gerald Baldwin and Gordon Bowker, who had been running the company for a decade had hired Schultz who was earlier fascinated by â€Å"the vision of a national chain of coffee stores†.  

Project management and quality assurance Assignment

Project management and quality assurance - Assignment Example But after the calculation for net present value we have for project Mu 924,420, for project Eta 841,872 and for project Iota 370,072. To sum up due to above calculation project Mu is the recommended project because it has got less setup cost which is 1200000 and better payback period than the others which is 3 years and the net present value is much better than the other two project which is 924420 and project Iota has the high setup cost and late payback period and with low net present value. Due to underestimating the task A and task F the project would be finish later than the above estimated time which was 23/04/07. After the rescheduling the new finish day for the project Kappa would be on Monday 12/05/07 which would be 18 weeks When the plan of a project will rescheduling it would directly affect the cost and benefits of the project because the project would be finish later than the estimated time and it needs more work to do on it than the original plan so the main cost which is programmer cost will directly affect the benefit. According to I chart the project completes on 23-4-07 and by the new schedule the project will end on 9-5-07 This results in more than 2 weeks of delay and the marketing strategies also needed to be changed. The deadline mentioned to the customers about the supply of software need to be changed or the time duration between the completion of the project and the delivery of the product to the customer need to be decreased. If the cost based changes are concerned, the company has to pay for the programming and development costs for a period of 2 weeks more. This increases the expenditure on the product by 12.5 percent. The cost effectiveness of the product also decreases by that extent. If the company want to market it at the same price decided before rescheduling, there is a need of supplying for more customers initially as the supply to more number of customers will increaser profitability on same cost price. The increase of time in the production can be tolerated as no release of competitor's products is sited. This gives the company time to make the product bug free and to increase the functional performance. Due to increase in the production time, the marketing manager may object due to the delay in release of the product into the market. They can be

John Fowless The Collector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Fowless The Collector - Essay Example In addition to this, the author of the novel chooses this very way of delivering the story with the aim to manipulate the reader’s attitude and view of the characters, events, and ideas described in the novel. Through the comparison of the descriptions of one and the same event, it becomes clear how the author influences the audience’s feelings by means of using two perspectives. From Clegg’s perspective, Miranda acts like a violent attacker, not a victim: â€Å"She had me at her mercy, it was a miracle she didn’t do me in† (Fowles). By this, Clegg presents himself as a victim, and the audience is positioned to experience some sort of sympathy towards him. In Miranda’s perspective, the opportunity to escape is a game of chance. She appears not as a merciless attacker; in fact, she hesitates whether she should use the opportunity: â€Å"It was like waking up out of a bad dream. I had to hit him and I couldn’t but I had to†. Due t o the fact that Miranda cannot hurt her kidnapper emphasizes the awfulness of the situation and makes the audience sympathize with her even more and, at the same time, makes the reader question her inability to kill Clegg. Overall, by the use of two perspectives, the author instigates hesitation in the audience and makes reader choose whose side to take in the story. Despite the fact that at some moment the reader may feel pity for Clegg, it is obvious that this feeling is not so strong because of the way he behaves toward Miranda.

Memo about organizational change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Memo about organizational change - Assignment Example Therefore, mangers should have to the ability to manage change in the organization. Change is a strategy for success and enhancing the performance of the organization. This essay proposes a specific organizational change, as well as, the reason for the change in the organization. Blackberry Limited, which was formerly known as Research in Motion Limited, is a company in question that I will propose an organization change (Rothwell & Roland, 24). The company is based in Canada and deals with telecommunication and wireless equipment, as well as, the provider of a secure high and reliable software for Mobile Device Management and industrial application. The company is commonly known for the development of blackberry brand of tablets and smartphones. The company should change their organizational strategy by reducing the workforce that was meant to save the organizations money that they do not have as another phone company’s such as Apple and Samsung have dominated the market. The reason for organizational change in Blackberry limited has been associated with the financial struggle they have gone through that has been; as a result, competition. The value of the proposed change is that it will help the organization in getting back where it was before its competitors entered into the market. This is because there has been an increase in the number of phone companies globally that are making smartphones that have the same features as those found in blackberry. Blackberry decided to lay off their employees as they could not raise enough money to cater for their salaries. However, in a memo released by CEO John Chen he indicated that the company had completed its workforce reductions that have been on for three years. For that reason, the company was willing to hire only if the market did not get worse. The workforce reduction

Unit 2 individual project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 2 individual project - Essay Example Intellectual Union can apply these methods to understand the contribution of their human resources in relation to the productivity of the organization (Alexander, 2008). Apparently, organizations are often made up of workforce of different ages and sex or gender. Therefore, the American Intellectual Union can use the quantitative method and analysis to determine the contribution of its workforce including job satisfaction, gender, or age to analyze the success or production of the firm. In this particular study, it is apparent that the variables involved in the study are the gender of the workforce, age bracket of the workforce, and productivity of the company (Alexander, 2008). Before determining the productivity per gender or age, it is vital to determine the distribution by gender in the organization. Determination of distribution by gender is the quantitative aspect of the study that tries to determine the composition of gender that in turn determines production per department or unit (Alexander, Vol. IV, 2008). Cases where the distribution is fairly the same, the distribution will be considered even in that, there will be nearly the same number of women as men within the targeted area of study. The study has also opted to determine â€Å"tenure with the company† distributing by gender. This aspect of the survey aims at seeking the ratio of women to men per company’s production unit. In other words, in this concern, the company is seeking that, for instance, if it moves to a department, what will be most probable ratio of men to women in relation per departments. The outcome of the survey under this variable will be useful to determine the production per unit in relation to the gender distribution in such units (Alexander, 2008). In other words, the management will determine which ratios of men to women or women to men are productive; therefore, it may opt to work with ratios that are relatively productive by redistributing worker to form gender ratios

Single case design technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Single case design technique - Essay Example When a practitioner follows all the steps of EBP, all the inferences required for the case at hand are usually made and deliberated. The practitioner, at this point, has looked at the case and can appraise the intervention used. The posed research question can be solved using single case design technique very effectively. The main reason for the assertion is the nature of the findings expected from any experiment that seeks to answer the question. In order to tell whether an individual has improved from a developmental disorder, such a person is rated individually. This cannot be a group intervention. According to La grow & Hamilton (2000), single case techniques provide nursing practitioners the required practice in assessing the efficacy of a certain intervention on an individual basis. The authors additionally state that such assessment can be done using a controlled experiment that is applicable to a variety of settings. The posed research question, by the virtue of it being called a research question, requires an experimental procedure that will realize application of verbal self-guidance towards correction of developmental disorder. The researcher will then assume ways of testing the viability of the intervention within the course of the experiment. The situation, therefore, fits into the solutions offered by single case design strategies. In the investigation of experimental control in single case research, Newel (1998) examines methods of improving the assessment method. In the article, the author appraises the possibility of applying findings based on a larger sample to the individual demands. Such a large sample can be obtained through conventional five steps of EBP. Basing on Newel’s findings, the inferences made during such a process will hold and the assessment then done on an individual. The highlighted researches and experiments indicate that single case design can be applied

Stress - Inform Speech Essay Example for Free

Stress Inform Speech Essay First, I’ll talk about some of the reasons for stress. Although I’m sure that there are many everyone here probably has their own reasons, I’m going to stick to three main reasons that you can probably relate to. The first one is the amount of schoolwork. College can be so demanding due to such a heavy workload that we’re expected to keep up with. It’s so easy to get overwhelmed. We have projects, tests, papers, exams, midterms, finals, co-ops. Stress can easily build without a good strategy of tackling these assignments. A second reason is pressure to do well. Pressure to do well can come from within. That’s the inner drive, that inner motivation pushing you to succeed. Most here desire to do their best and to get good grades. The Methods of Healing website conducted research and found that 71 percent of college students say that their grades have a direct effect on their level of stress. Pressure to do well can also be external. That’s your family, your friends, your coaches, your teachers, your professors. Everybody who wants to see you succeed. Wanting to live up to the high expectations that they place on you can be pretty stressful. A third reason is change in environment. Now this may affect some of us more than others, depending on if you’re from Rochester or not, but going away to college means leaving behind everything that’s familiar. Your close family, they’re not with you. Your friends, they’re not with you. Some students have never been away from home which can be a difficult adjustment. Then, once you’re here at RIT there’s social acceptance, peer pressure–these are issues we may face since we’re in a new environment. Wanting to fit in can be a challenge and often is. Now, let’s recap the three reasons we talked about. First was the amount of schoolwork, second was pressure to succeed, and third was dealing with a new environment. Now that we know the three reasons, let’s examine some tips to help reduce the stress. There are five simple things we can do to manage our stress. I created an acronym to help me remember the tips. The word I’m using is relax: R-E-L-A-X. We’ll go over each letter one by one. The first letter, letter R, stands for Recognize. We have to recognize the source of our stress before we can address it. Once you realize why you’re stressed, why not keep a journal? Write down everything that you feel. Writing makes you feel more relieved and allows you to pinpoint any trends in your stress. The second letter, letter E, stands for Exercise. Incorporating exercise into your daily routine takes your mind off of problems you may have, and not to mention, it’s good for your body. So create a routine. Set aside time for exercise. Set aside time for classes–for studying, for homework, and then schedule in downtime for yourself. In the end you’ll feel less overwhelmed. The third letter, L, L stands for Let it go. Think about the stressful situation. Will it matter in five years? Will it matter in ten years? If it will matter, take a deep breath and address the stressful situation piece by piece and step by step. If it won’t matter in five years or ten years then let it go. Stressing over small things is tiring and unnecessary. The fourth letter, letter A stands for Attitude. When you talk about school do you say things like, â€Å"Ugh, I’m gonna fail,† or â€Å"That test was so hard I bombed it, I’m never gonna learn this material. † If you do that may sound pessimistic and doubtful. You can self-reflect and adjust your attitude. According to a 2005 Stress Management article, being optimistic and having a positive outlook has a direct connection with how we feel, even with how well we perform. Now the last letter is X. You’re probably wondering what word I came up with to start with this, so I cheated a little bit and it stands for eXtra sleep. All students need sleep for energy. Are you not getting enough? Go to the letter R–recognize why am I not getting enough sleep? Maybe it’s because you’re hanging out with your friends until two, three, four in the morning. Why not cut down that time? You can still hang out with them, just not as long. Maybe you’re not getting enough sleep because you have too much homework. You pull an all-nighter, cramming for an exam, up till 5AM. Why not make a better schedule? And then stick to that schedule. Don’t procrastinate. When you map out your time and you stick to a routine you’ll realize that you have enough time to get everything done, even sleep. In the end we’ll be less frustrated when we get the sleep we needed. Another interesting point that I found is that all stress is not bad. Distress is bad stress. That’s what we’ve been focusing on in this speech. But then there’s also good stress, that’s called eustress. Eustress comes from excitement or adrenaline. But, to focus on managing our negative stress let’s try to remember all of the tips and the word relax. R, recognize where the stress is coming from and address it. E, exercise daily. L, let go of minor problems, don’t worry about it. And A, adjust your attitude and be more positive. And X, get eXtra sleep. In conclusion, we cannot ignore the fact that stress occurs in our lives. Regardless of the reasons we have to manage it one way or another. Above all, from my speech I hope you take away useful tips to deal with your stress so that college is more enjoyable. Even if you can’t remember what each letter stands for, do just what the word says, and relax.

Counseling Couples And Families Psychology Essay

Counseling Couples And Families Psychology Essay This paper examines the approach towards the counselling of families and the technique behind cognitive behavioural therapy, within the context of psychology. The paper provides a brief introduction to family counselling methods and approaches and particular focus on cognitive behavioural therapy. The paper is structured into two main parts: Part 1 deals with the method, technique and application of cognitive behavioural therapy whereas Part 2 deals with the more holistic approach of integrating this with personal belief and family values. The conclusion provides a summary of the key points. INTRODUCTION There are varied approaches to Family Counselling and these include such items as structural, psychoanalytic, bowenian, experiential etc. This paper focuses upon the aspect of cognitive behavioural family therapy. Early in the family therapy movement, this approach was treated with a degree of scepticism by the more traditionalist family counsellors. They saw the technique as having insufficient depth to deal with the complexities and dynamics of family dysfunction. In the early days, this approach was only considered useful in the counselling of children with family disorders but it has since evolved into much wider applications. It is only in the last 10 years that Cognitive Behavioural therapy as emerged in its own right as a major approach to family counselling. (Leahy, R. 2004) The different approaches to family counselling are extensively discussed in the work of Goldenberg. (Goldenberg, H, 2008). Cognitive behavioural approaches have been particularly successful in treating adolescents and youths with behavioural problems. The theoretical approach has the capability of adapting to different behavioural circumstances and environments. It deals with both emotional and social domains and as such is extremely persuasive in its applied application. The theory deals directly with those cognitive forces that stimulate emotional reactions and behavioural responses. As such it provides a problem solving orientation in order to determine the best or most suitable forms of psychological treatment. In order to deal successfully with cognitive problems it is important to gain a precise understanding of the emotions being displayed and understand the causation factors behind these. Mental health professionals have outlined the importance of family and social relationsh ips as an important contributory part of the therapeutic process in treating problems. As such favourable outcomes in treatment are highly influenced by a positive approach and supportive stance being adopted from the parents. (Kendall, P.C. 2006) COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL FAMILY THERAPY In the early days, the behavioural therapist saw only those individuals who were involved in problematic marriages. The others are children within problem families. The concept of strategic behavioural therapy developed the need to build on individual cognitive frameworks. Two of the major contributors were Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. Both of these were influenced by Freud (instinct), Jung (mysticism) and Adler (common sense). Hence, from the perspective of the behavioural counsellor thoughts resulted in feelings and these in turn led to behavioural responses. (Friedberg, R.D. 2010) The problem areas that most readily identified with cognitive behavioural approach were that of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance abuse, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Anxiety, mood disorder, marriage and family therapy and eating disorders. The goal of CBT is considered threefold: (i) To enable the patient to become more aware that help is available and remedial action can be applied (ii) To assist the client in greater awareness of the problem and thereby invoke both confidence and belief (iii) to inspire the counsellor towards a more positive therapeutic approach. It is important that the counsellor develops a rapport with the patient and helps in the development of new cognition. The important aspect of CBT is that it is a relative short form of treatment and only requires about 4-7 months of therapy in order to treat most form of problems. It is essentially a combination of psychotherapy and behavioural therapy and combines a joint approach between patient and counsellor in order to determine a set of principles that can be applied to their daily lives. CBT uses the assumption that it is not the events that disturb us but the interpretation and meaning we give them. Hence if we provide too much of a negative emphasis we are blocked from doing action that we do not believe in. In this concept we only hang on to old thoughts and are prevented from learning new things. (Martin, B. 2012) Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) may be described a treatment modality that combines a number of techniques i.e. relaxation and soothing skills, cognitive behavioural techniques and improvement of self-awareness skills. In this context, modality may be defined as an application approach using a therapeutic agent. The approach to treatment is by that of problem solving, cognitive modification, exposure skills and contingency management. Patients with borderline personality disorders or those showing suicidal tendencies are difficult to treat. DBT is an innovative therapeutic approach aimed at addressing these needs. (Swales, B.K. 2011) The main aspect of DBT is that of accepting the condition of the patient whilst trying to teach them to change. This is achieved by building and maintaining a positive relationship with the client. The therapy looks towards getting the client to understand the reasons for the suicidal or dysfunctional behaviour. There are essentially four modes of treatment: (i) Individual Therapy the main body of work (ii) Group Skills teaching a number of techniques that include emotion moderation skills, inter-personal effectiveness, distress, tolerance etc. (iii) Telephone contact provision of help line sessions by telephone, outside of the main therapy sessions (iv) Therapist consultation group sessions in the DBT mode; the therapists work collectively to remain dialectical in the interaction with one another. (Capuzzi, D. 2008) There is a large literature base covering this area. Much of the work on dialectical behavioural therapy comes from Marsha Lineham who is a clinical psychologist based in Seattle. (Palmer, 2002). The concept of dialectical thinking has been defined as the manner in which the broader thought concept expresses the considered limitations of linear ideas on causation. (Palmer, R.L. 2002). Counselling and Marriage Problems Modern society poses numerous challenges upon a successful marriage. One of the most demanding is that of financial hardship. That might be brought on by a job loss or physical illness, leaving ones spouse to cope with the problem. This is often the situation where marital communications breakdown, when in fact it is the most important time for working as a team and communicating with one another. Another important issue is the loss of self-image, where either weight gain or loss occurs. [The concept of obesity or anorexic] this can lead to bouts of depression and subsequent illness. Another factor is dealing with family relationships, and this is particularly trying in new marriages. The concept of dealing with intervention and demands by in-laws, and having to deal with expectations that posed a strain on the marriage. The concept of long-term illness, disability or major illness can impose a tremendous strain on the spouse who is working and equally having to look after their part ner. (Long, H. 2010) In the last 20 years we have seen a dramatic rise in divorce rates, particularly in the US and Western Europe. Studies have indicated that this decline in marriage is largely due to the general breakdown and weakening of the traditional family structure. It is the maintenance of the family structure that really necessitates the importance of marriage. The children produced from the marriage are the future in terms of perpetuating human society. Strong family values teach the children the ethics and the social responsibilities of adulthood. The love of the parents to the children translates to the personality of the adult. The displacement of this leads to a more random outcome and potentially more uncaring society. Research carried out in the UK indicated that a large majority of those surveyed feel marriage is no longer necessary today. (Papadopoulos, L. 2010) FAMILY COUNSELLING AND CHRISTIANITY Family counselling can be provided from a Christian perspective and there are many voluntary services that offer this service. I believe that you dont necessarily have to be a Christian in order to help others in distress or need but the overarching philosophy of Christianity supports this. The objective of the Christian approach is to bring the sincerity of love and care into the power of healing and a theoretical orientation into listening, understanding and relating to peoples problems. As such faith based counselling is not applied based on winning converts to Christianity but is part of an overall philosophy of the religion that is devoted to the care, well-being and help of mankind. There are for example biblical teachings that help in provision of guidance for dealing with people that have mental issues and family troubles. This is not achieved by the imposition of views on others but understanding client needs and providing a service of focused intervention in order to help t hem navigate towards a successful outcome. One of the fundamental approaches to that of Christian counselling is the provision of holistic strategies that equip the families with a basis to understand their relationships, the ability to re-connect and rediscover the love for one another and getting to grips with the root cause analysis of problems in order that they are better equipped to deal with them. Using the strengths-based approach it is helped that such counselling services helps to make a difference and by a joint participatory approach it is possible to heal people from past hurts and retributions in order to expose the family to a renewed and better relationship through the preservation of family relationships. A break down in family communications are often attributed to many of the marital problems that require intervention and counselling. There are numerous challenges in the integration of Christian principles into family therapy and counselling services. It was Berger and Luckman (1967) that managed to distinguish between two core competencies in family counselling i.e. primary socialisation where the process involves the identification as a member of a social group i.e. where a child still has abstract views of the social world and that of secondary socialisation where a child has already internalized a specific view of the world. In a marital break-down, the children are often the most vulnerable in terms of conceptualising what is taking place in terms of a communications breakdown. The more modern approach is that of permissive parenting. These types of parents often adopt an indulgent style as such they have very few demands to make of their children because they have low expectations from them in terms of discipline and maturity. The parents become more responsive than demanding. Such approaches are very lenient, flexible and do not require mature behaviour. The style is very much geared towards nurturing the children and becoming more of a trusted friend than that of a parent. In the US this has been termed the buddy approach. It is seen as being far more effective from a communications viewpoint as the child is more likely to confide in you and seek advice as a friend as opposed to a figure of authority that scares or intimidates. It provides for a healthier more deeply affectionate relationship as the parent is viewed more of a coach / mentor figure that someone who is rule bound and inflexible. This style can make for much happier parenting relationships and provides much better management of the puberty and teenage years. The downside is that you may not always be taken seriously and in the teenage years the children may become manipulative. This is the question of balance and ensuring that whilst you are a friend you are also the parent and as such have the final decision in terms of the more important decisions that need to be made. This particularly where teenage relationships and wise counselling are concerned e.g. substance abuse, external influences, behavioural considerations etc.

Proportional Representation Electoral System

Proportional Representation Electoral System Critically compare and discuss the major differences and similarities between proportional representation and majoritarian electoral systems. Which criteria are the most important ones with which to judge an electoral system in a new democracy? How does each system perform on these criteria? Resulting from an in-depth investigation into the establishment of new democracies, this essay explores the view that Proportional Representation electoral system (henceforth PR) promotes better stability, as opposed to the Majoritarian electoral system, which occasionally leads to instability. It is how a party interprets votes into parliamentary seats in each electoral system that determines which system to perform better. It is upon this factor that this essay will attest the claim that PR promotes an increase in social representation in parliaments. Although majoritarian systems do stipulate greater stability and accountability in governments, this does not support the belief that PR systems disregard a governments stability or culpability; each system tends to highlight certain factors, where others do not. This essay will commence by explaining the elements that characterise both PR and majoritarian electoral systems, after which it shall be seen how each system performs in the criteria of accountability, social representation and stability in a new democracy. It is in a new democracy where the most support for the government is needed; this is resulting from the often controversial past experienced in these nations before evolving into a democracy. By looking at South Africas first democratic election in 1994, and their utilisation of the PR system, one discovers why in this context a PR system most suited. The majoritarian system, which can be divided into two subsections, namely plurality and the second ballot majority run-off system, is the oldest electoral system having originated in the 12th century (Norris, 1997: 299). In both instances, the nation is separated into territorial single-memberconstituencies. Plurality decrees all citizens vote for a candidate party; while votes are counted, the party with the majority of votes in a specific constituency is granted the parliamentary seats for that region. The party with the most seats in the parliament will ultimately be the governing party (Norris, 1997: 301). For a government to come into power through the second ballot run-off system, the government would need to win the absolute majority of 50% +1; in cases where this does not occur, the two top contenders from the first round of elections run alongside each other in a second round of voting (Norris, 1997: 302).It is the majoritarian system of representation that sees larger part ies winning a higher proportion of seats than the proportion of votes they gain in an election (Heywood, 2007: 256). This increases the chance of a single party gaining a parliamentary majority and being able to govern independently (Heywood, 2007: 256). The PR system, which also divides countries into constituencies, is most often made up of multi-member districts, larger in size, which is geographically defined. Lists are presented by each party of their districts number of parliamentary seats available; lists in some countries are open to voters, allowing them to rank their candidate preferences, whereas some lists are closed and only made visible to the party. Seats, instead of being given to the majority winner, are granted according to a partys percentage of votes received (Norris, 1997: 303). This system guarantees an equal relationship between seats won by a party and the votes gained in an election. In instances were PR is implemented at its purest form, a party gaining 60 per cent of the vote would win exactly 60 per cent of the seats (Heywood, 2007: 256). PR systems, thus, make single-party majority rule unlikely, rather allowing for coalition governments or multi-party systems (Heywood, 2007: 256). Each electoral system majoritarian or PR has its own advantages and disadvantages. It does, however, depend on a new democracys main concerns and its aims, hopefully to be achieved, that would decide which system to implement. New democracies have clearly come from somewhere disagreeable in terms of democratic values, and so because they have experienced a severe shortage of representativeness as was the case with Mexico, Chile, South Africa, and Tunisia they will overwhelmingly want to replace this with representativeness (Pettinger, 2012).In order to achieve an increased representativeness, countries would most likely prefer the use of PR as it allows previously unheard minority groups the chance to voice their concerns. In terms of government accountability, both systems contain different quantities of this within. The majoritarian system, which allows candidates receiving the most votes in a constituency to have a seat, bestows the masses the ability to hold someone responsible, in this instance the victorious party member, in a specific area. The masses have the choice, during each election, to give their support or help vote a certain member out of power. As a result, representatives of the constituency are further stimulated to help voice the concerns of the people in that area. This motivates service production in the most successful style and, simultaneously, fortifies the bond with the constituency (Norris, 1997: 305). PR systems, which are able to produce single-party governments, usually lead to the establishment of coalition governments unless one party wins a majority of votes (Norris, 1997: 308). Following a survey of twenty newly established democracies, only 10 percent of PR systems led to the establishment of single-party governments (Norris, 1997: 308). Consequently, this lowered government accountability (also referred to as government responsiveness) as the populations cannot leave a single party responsible for choices made. Majoritarian systems, alternatively, are more often than not single-party governments. The aforementioned study mentions 60 percent of majoritarian systems lead by single-party governments (Norris, 1997: 308). With this in mind, as well as the fact that the controlling party is the dominant party in parliament in a majoritarian system, the party possesses enough power to carry out unpopular choices; they need not rely on minority parties support (Norris, 1997: 304) . Furthermore, the domineering party would be held wholly accountable for their actions during their time in power, and following the end of their term would their performance be measured. At this time it would be decided whether or not to vote them out of power. In a majoritarian system, responsibility and power are viewed as one. In a majoritarian system, the power that gives the ruling party in government the ability to pass legislation and implement party policies increases the accountability of that party (Norris, 1997: 304). This gives rise to government effectiveness, and stability. Resultantly, fragmentation, which occasionally occurs in the PR system, is prevented. PR thus leads to instability in some cases (Norris, 1997: 305). This instability becomes clearer depending on the lifespan government tends to have; this occurrence is due to the majority of the masses not supporting the government, as apposed to the majoritarian system. It is when one considers social representation that one begins to see that a PR system is not necessarily more effective than the majoritarian system. By determining parliament seat rendering to the percentage of votes each party receives, the presence of smaller parties is ensured (Norris, 1997: 309).It is the fact that parties in a majoritarian system have support spread out in many areas that disadvantages the system despite overall greater support in the foundation (Norris, 1997: 305). This sees minority groupings excluded out of parliament as well as those groups experiencing lesser representation than warranted. After the end of the apartheid regime in South Africa, both the African National Congress and the National Party entered into negotiations in order to establish a democratic constitution that would allow for a swift transition; this realisation developed from a mutually hurting stalemate (Zartman, 1995: 147) that left neither side able to seize power by force (Zartman, 1995: 148). Due to South Africas diversity, which can be summarised as 79.4% Africans, 9.2 Whites, 8.8% Coloureds and 2.6% Asian/Indian (Statistics South Africa, 2010:4), social representation presented itself as a key concern during the transition into a stable democracy. Hendrik Verwoerd, who believed white men in Africa to not see peace and stability resulting from a satisfied nationalism (Verwoerd, 1960: 363), proposed no intermingling in the political sphere (Verwoerd, 1960: 364); this was the beginning of the oppression of many social groups, experiencing the domination of a nation ruled by one party. The adoptio n of the PR electoral system, which occurred following the amalgamation of the new democracy (Zartman, 1995: 45), would be to ensure the representation of all previously suppressed groups (Masiko-Kambala, 2008: 2). This system successfully maintained political stability despite having to reach a consensus while including various contradictory views. The PR system assured a diverse parliament, even though the system could not always ensure suitable accountability and stability (Norris, 1997: 305). Enforcing the majoritarian electoral system would have prolonged the aspect of Apartheid where certain groups were oppressed, the only difference is that the majoritarian system would oppress minority groups, whereas Apartheid oppressed South Africas racial majority. This would occur as parties would retain a majority in an area to gain a parliament seat, while the PR system presents any minority group the chance to win a seat (Norris, 1997: 303). Moving forward past a history of great viol ence and dissatisfaction amongst the populace, the PR system allowed an environment where all groupings were able to have their voice heard (Masiko-Kambala, 2008: 2); this would guarantee a great deal of support encouraging the new democratic government. Having discussed both electoral systems advantage and disadvantages with respect to each criteria with which to judge an electoral system in a new democracy, it can be concluded that each system is favourable in different instances. Where the PR system ensures a more diverse parliament, the majoritarian system is seen to generate greater responsibility and stability in government. It is purely a case of what a country views as the most important feature of governance at the time, and for South Africas case it would have been social representation, therefore ending in the implementation of a PR system; finding accountability or stability to be of more importance would have resulted in the establishment of the majoritarian system.

jet propulsion :: essays research papers

Jet Propulsion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Propulsion is a word that is derived from two Latin words: pro meaning before or forwards and pellere meaning to drive. To push forward or drive an object forward is Propulsion. A propulsion system produces thrust to push an object forward. Newton’s third law is the basis of the generation of thrust on airplanes. The engine accelerates a gas, and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the engine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different propulsion systems generate thrust in slightly different ways. That is: the propeller, the turbine engine, the ramjet, and the rocket. Each of these propulsion systems is applied everyday. The reason for four different types of engines is based on the balance of drag. Drag is what keeps planes in the air and accelerating. Thrust from the propulsion system must do two things: balance the drag of the airplane when the airplane is cruising and also the thrust from the propulsion system must exceed the drag of the airplane for the plane to accelerate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most airplanes spend most of their airtime cruising through the skies, such as cargo planes. In this application excess thrust is not as important as high engine efficiency and low fuel usage. Because of the aerodynamic efficiency of propellers and fans, it is more fuel efficient to accelerate a large mass by a small amount. That is why we find turboprops on cargo planes and airliners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some aircraft such as fighter planes require very high thrust to accelerate quickly and to overcome the high drag associated with high speeds of these airplanes, engine efficiency is not as important as very high thrust. Afterburning turbojets are used for this and a new technology called ramjet or rocket propulsion is used for this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well as you can see Propulsion is very important for flying through our skies.

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay -- President Politics Papers

Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt’s work has made a significant impact on the interpersonal domain. Her work touched the lives of millions of Americans and influenced many aspects of American politics. She was a master of her domain, interacting with millions and breaking down many barriers. Her work can be considered creative because it was so unconventional. She took on roles that were considered untraditional for women, and with an innovative approach. I admire her work as a leader, a woman, and a creative individual. Although I cannot imagine having as far reaching an impact as Eleanor Roosevelt, I hope to be strong in the interpersonal domain. As an organizational leadership major, the traits of the interpersonal domain would be strong assets for me in any career. On any level, I have a deep appreciation for her ability to help people and change lives. Eleanor Roosevelt is a master of the interpersonal domain because she could interact with anyone and she touched the lives of millions. Childhood and Early Experiences Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 11, 1884 (Youngs 26). Her parents were both from prominent families, part of the ‘Old New York and Hudson River’ aristocracy. Many of her ancestors had played significant roles in American history (Lash 6). Her mother, Anna Hall Roosevelt, had been a debutante, and was considered one of the most beautiful women of her time. Eleanor’s father, Elliot, was a sportsman, and a handsome man (Youngs 15). Eleanor was an intelligent and happy child, who was doted on by her parents. While she spent time with her parents, she was also close to her nurse, who played a large part in raising her. Eleanor’s first language was French... ...ew York: Penguin Books, 1992. Gardner, Howard. Creating Minds. New York: Basic Books, 1993. Goodwin, Doris Kearns, â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt.† Time. 13 Apr. 1998: 122+. Lash, Joseph P. Life Was Mean to be Lived. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1984. Means, Marianne. The Woman in the White House. New York: Random House, 1963. Roosevelt, Eleanor. The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt. New York: Harper And Brothers Publishers, 1937. Scharf, Lois. Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of American Liberalism. Boston:Twayne Publisher, 1987. Steinberg, Alfred. Mrs. R.: The Life of Eleanor Roosevelt. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1958. West, J.B. Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1973. Youngs, J. William T. Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.

Amsterdams Architecture Over The Ages :: European Europe History

Amsterdam's Architecture Over The Ages Amsterdam has witnessed many architectural changes during its existence as a capital. From its earliest canal houses to its recent "modernisation", it is a widespread array of fascinating design and architecture. Throughout this short guide, I wish to take you through these ages, demonstrating the designs, the reasons for them, the way of living and the way the architecture developed around the community. This guide focuses mainly on the last one hundred years, looking in depth at the gradual changes made to this great city, and its surrounding areas. I will also look at the great architectural achievements made over time in this area, looking at their design purposes and influences. Older architecture Central Amsterdam ages back to over 700 years, but most of the buildings seen today were built in Amsterdam's "Golden age", about 250-500 years ago. The "Golden age" was the period when most of what is now known as central Amsterdam was built. Some people think it is Amsterdam's best architectural achievement. Probably the most prominent building built within this time period is the canal house. These line all the canals in the centre of Amsterdam. Every canal house was built to be unique from any other, though built with the same shape, each one was personalised with an ornamental piece, such as the gables and plaques. Another method was to put very decorative carvings on the "neck" of a house. This is called "necking". The picture on the right is an excellent example of necking. Due to the swamp like quality of the reclaimed land under Amsterdam, it was very hard to build buildings. Because of this wooden stilts were used to support the houses. They were driven into the wet ground before construction for support. Now due to the wet ground some of these supports are rotting, causing houses to tilt and sink into the earth. The picture on the left is of a house on the Keizergracht, it has gradually sunk into the ground over the years causing it to lean sideways. During the time period in which these houses were built, your house taxes depended on the frontage. Meaning your taxes were determined by the width of your house. Therefore the sneaky Dutch built their houses deep and narrow to avoid severe taxing. For this same reason the staircases are very narrow and low, making it impossible to take furniture up and down them.

The Rise of the Aztec Empire

The Rise of the Aztec Empire Aztec empire was one the most successful empire during the 14th and 15th centuries it is said to be the most lucrative and powerful Mesoamerican kingdoms at that time. The Aztec community began in the middle of a lake but later became the capital of an empire. Aztec was consisting of a diversity ethic group that lived in the area which stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf coast. The Rise of the Aztec Empire and its aptitude to be so successful and powerful dominance and their quest was founded on their religious beliefs that were embedded within everyone.These teaching drove them to conquest, to develop regions and building into temples. The Aztecs also called themselves, the Mexicans, but rose to power in a very short time as they searched for their promise land. The cities trade, agriculture, religion and societies were one of the major factors in the ability to survive and build a strong foundation for their leadership and livelihood. During th e fall of the Teotihuacan and the Mayan civilization was full of grate expectation in every aspect. This is said to be one of the most advanced group of ancient American as they proved the system of the calendar and the system writing.History reiterated that the Aztec came from the north which is called Aztian. The Aztecs built their city of Tenochtitlan on the site, which is now located in the center of Mexico. The Aztecs Empire comprised of two social classes. The lower classes were called Macehalli and the upper classes were called Pilli. These social classes were not defined by birth because a person could rise of the Pilli if they had great skills. All male children in the Aztec Empire were called Telpachalli. The women regard as subordinate to their man.Above everything else, they were required to behave with sexual abstinence and high moral. The religion of the Aztecs was very in distance downwards which was partially due to the fact that they had inherited many religious bel iefs from people they previously conquered. The Aztecs believed that the sun and the earth had been destroyed in a cataclysm and recreated four times. The Aztec laws were simple be harsh. They were very few times that result of a crime resulting from adultery to stealing was not punished by death. Other major offences were handling by the courts.In 1426, the old ruler Tezozomoc died and was replaced by his son Maxlatzin. He was fretful that the Aztecs had been growing too strong under the Tepanec’s protection. He therefore sought to reduce the Aztec’s power in 1427. At this time, the Aztec’s third king died and was replaced by Itzcoatl, who chose Tlacaelel, a brilliant military strategist, as his chief adviser. The two of them decided to resist and fight rather than submit to Maxlatzin’s threats and pressure. Within a year, the Aztecs had crushed the Tepanec and destroyed their imperial city. So now the Aztec had become the greatest state in Mexico.

Gender roles in language acquisition Essay

We impeach our daughters for existence bossy and praise our tidingss for fancying much(prenominal) self-assertingness. These were the senti handsts evince during Sheryl Sandburg book promotion tour in early 2013. Mrs Sandberg is largely accepted as whiz of the close successful egg-producing(prenominal) businessperson in modern society. During her numerous lectures and academic interviews she essentially cited her success as the result of going against the grammatical gender operation norm for wowork force. Although specifically referring to the business ball, does Sheryl suck a point? Are we reinforcing sexuality characters in the actors line we promote and discour get along with our children to economic consumption?It is largely accepted across deuce lingual and psychology fields that girls adopt their lyric poem skill in understands, quantity, lumber and range of lexicon acquired at an prior age and faster rate than their virile counterparts.A very rec ent excogitate by Rikard Bauman in 2010 (Stockholm University Press) explored dictionary fruit and wording takings in pre-school children. It is send worded that at 22 months girls prevail a much than extensive spoken delivery than boys due to force differences however, at 34 months such a pattern put upnot be found. Further more it is suggested that sexuality affects language production in the whiz that priapic and fe young-begetting(prenominal) speakers will choose to produce no menclature that be associated with their shades definition of masculinity and femininity.The turn all over on vocabulary growth is establish on the assumption that TTR (type/token ratio) reflects vocabulary size and it proves that, at 22 months, girls have a more extensive vocabulary than boys however, at 34 months such a pattern is less obvious, if any finishing can be drawn it is that boys have a slightly larger vocabulary than girls. The study on language production is foc commitd on verb production and it shows that boys andgirls pick verbs that be associated with common stereotypes of masculinity and femininity.It seems that these gender distinctions ar not unique to the side of meat language or the Western foundation as Found when examining the lacquerese language. match to Eleanor Harz Jorden, when larn language in Japan children learn that there be nearly words and whatsoever grammatical constructions that be associated explicitly with custody or boys, plot of land some others atomic number 18 associated with wo custody or girls. Such differences argon sometimes called gendered language. In Nipponese, words patterns associated with women be referred to as onna kotoba (womens words) or joseigo , womens language).In general, the words and reference patterns associated with men are seen as rough, vulgar, or abrupt, while those associated with women are deal outed more polished, more deferential, or softer. more or less linguists con sider the rough/soft continuum more unblemished than the male/female continuum. For example, Eleanor Harz Jorden in Nipponese The intercommunicate dustup refers to the styles as dull/gentle, rather than male/female. at that place are no gender differences in indite Japanese (except in quoted speech), and al most(prenominal) no differences in polite speech (teineigo), since males contemplate on softer speech, except for the fact that women whitethorn be more likely to drop polite speech in the for the first time place.The word onnarashii , which is usually translated as refined or feminine, refers to the conduct expected of a typical Japanese muliebrity. As well up as behaving in particular ways, being onnarashii means conforming to particular styles of speech. Some of the features of womens speech include speech production in a higher register, exploitation more polite forms and victimisation polite speech or honorifics in more situations, and referring to themselve s and those they address more formally. Some linguistic features comm solo associated with women include omission of the copula da, the expend of personal pronouns such as watashi or atashi among others, character of feminine sentence-final particles such as wa, na no, kashira, and mashoo, and the more tell on use of the honorific prefixes o and go. agree to Katsue Akiba Reynolds, ladylike speech is instrumental in keeping Japanese women in tralatitious roles and reflects Japanese societys image of the difference among women and men.4 For example, there is the latent for conflict for women in the workplace in that, to be onnarashii, a woman mustinessiness speak politely, submissively and humbly, yet to reign over respect as a superior, she must be assertive, self-assured, and direct, eve when dealing with male subordinates. Actual language utilise by Japanese- verbalize women differs from these ideals. Such onnarashii speech is a norm that institutions such as nurture and media encourage women to adopt. Similarly, these forms may be impose for women learners by Japanese textbooks and other materials.There are, however various deviations from these norms in converse. Although Japanese women may not follow the gender norm in speech, some linguistic studies quest that Japanese women tend to use more honorific language than men do, which reinforces the idea of onnarashii and traditional gender roles.5 tralatitious characteristics of Japanese mens speech editJust as there are modes of speaking and behaviour that are considered in and of itself feminine, there are to a fault those that are considered intrinsically male. In speech, being otokorashii ( manly or masculine) means speaking in a lower register, using fewer polite forms and using them in fewer situations, and using intrinsically masculine words.Research on Japanese mens speech shows great use of neutral forms, forms not strongly associated with masculine or feminine speech, than is s een in Japanese womens speech. Scholars argue that men use typically masculine forms to assert their avow authority and k right awayledge of themselves. Some studies of conversation between Japanese men and women show neither gender taking a more dominant position in interaction. Men, however, tend to show a self-oriented conversation style, telling stories and expressing their expertise on topics being discussed, than is typical of women in these studies. sexual urge differences in modern society - As women gain an increasing leadership role in Japanese society, notions of onnarashisa and otokorashisa, that is, what is deemed appropriate behaviour for men and women, have evolved over time. Although relatively more extreme movements call for the extermination of gender differences in the Japanese language (gender-neutral language), convergence in usage is considered supposed(prenominal) and may not even be desirable. Instead, trends in actual usage indicate that women are feelin g more palmy using traditional characteristics of female speech (such as wa) while take over maintaining an assertive attitude on par with men. In other words, there is a drowsy decoupling of language forms and traditional cultural expectations.Although the characteristics of Japanese male speech have been largely unaffected, there has been an increasing sensitivity regarding trusted usages (such as changing the terms used to refer to mature women -chan) that may be considered offensive. Regional dialect may very much play a role in the prospect and perception masculinity or femininity of speech in Japanese. other recent phenomenon influencing established femininity in speech is the popularity of Okama, very feminine men as popular Geinoujin (television personalities). While homoeroticism and transgenderism is still a fairly restrict subject in Japan, lesbians with male traits, or cross-dressers, are referred to as onabe or tachi. Problems for Japanese learners editWithout t he proper instruction by graceful Japanese speakers and/or teachers, non-native persons risk development and expressing themselves inappropriately to native Japanese. Compounding the difficulty of language acquisition, formal instruction may emphasise learning the polite forms of expression (that favour female students) while glossing over informal expression (that favour male students) and honorifics (distinguishes natives from foreigners).It is important for non-natives to be instructed by members of the very(prenominal) sex or be aware that mere mimicry may not have the expected results. In assenting to the use of pronouns to refer to oneself and others, the use of titles also is strongly influenced by gender-based overtones and is another first of potential problems for the non-native speaker. The situation is further perplex by regional variation. For example, in umteen regions of Japan it is common for venerable men to refer to themselves as boku or older women to re fer to themselves as ore.How does this relate to language spoken in the Western world? Opinion is, as is very much the case, divided.AGAINST1) other major influencesMahsa Saligheh Revisiting Age and sexual activityInfluence in instant Language Acquisition 2012 states, There is no doubt that language acquisition work at is a complex regale which involves some(prenominal) factors, and that this process is highly influenced due to plasticity of the champion. Furthermore, the types of memory systems involved in females and males are also have a frigid role that manufactures the genders distinct. The researchers claim, age and gender, are among the factors that spend in parallel with other factors that late influence language acquisition process such as motivation, personality, styles, strategies, gender and age.The stand for study attempts to investigate the last both factors age and gender. Given the importance lay on the role on age and gender, the researchers consent they are not the requisite conditions for second language acquisition. However, the writers claim that genetically there are some benefits that can be reaped for those who begin L2 acquisition early. Furthermore, twain males and females are equipped with some shape tendencies that would be helpful for them to acquire some aspects of language much faster and easier.2) biologic basisMar. 5, 2008 Although researchers have long concur that girls have superior language abilities than boys, until now no one has clearly provided a biological basis that may reputation for their differences.For the first time and in apparent findings researchers from Northwestern University and the University of Haifa show both that, areas of the question associated with language work laboriouser in girls than in boys during language tasks, and that boys and girls rely on dissimilar parts of the brain when performing these tasks. Our findings which suggest that language bear upon is more sens orial in boys and more epitome in girls could have major implications for teaching children and even provide support for advocates of single sex classrooms, said Douglas D. Burman, research associate in Northwesterns Roxelyn and Richard spice up discussion section of Communication SciencesThe researchers measured brain activity (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) in 31 boys and in 31 girls aged 9 to 15 as they performed spell out and writing language tasks. The tasks were delivered in two sensory modalities visual and auditive. When visually presented, the children fill certain words without consultation them. Presented in an auditory mode, they heard words loud but did not see them. use a complex statistical model, Burman and Pepper accounted for differences associated with age, gender, type of linguistic judgment, achievement verity and the method (written or spoken) in which words were presented. The researchers found that girls still showed significantly greater activation in language areas of the brain than boys.The information in the tasks got through to girls language areas of the brain (areas associated with abstract thinking through language). And their performance accuracy correlated with the arcdegree of activation in some of these language areas. To their astonishment, however, this was not the case for boys. Boys accurate performance when reading words depended on how hard visual areas of the brain worked. In hearing words, boys performance depended on how hard auditory areas of the brain worked. If that pattern extends to language process that occurs in the classroom, it could inform teaching and test methods.Given boys sensory approach, boys might be more effectively evaluated on cognition gained from lectures via oral tests and on knowledge gained by reading via written tests. For girls, whose language processing appears more abstract in approach, these antithetical testing methods would appear unnecessary. One gap is that boys have some kind of embarrass in their sensory processes that can hold up visual or auditory information and keep it from being supply into the language areas of the brain, Burman said.This could result simply from girls growth faster than boys, in which case the differences between the sexes might disappear by due date. Or, an pick exposition is that boys create visual and auditory associations such that meanings associated with a word are brought to mind simply from seeing or hearing the word. While the second explanation puts males at a dis utility in more abstract language function, those kinds of sensory associations may have provided an evolutionary advantage for primitive men whose survival take them to quickly recognise danger-associated sights and sounds.If the pattern of females relying on an abstract language network and of males relying on sensory areas of the brain extends into adulthood (a still unresolved question) it could explain why women often p rovide more context and abstract representation than men. Ask a woman for directions and you may hear something like minute left on Main Street, go one block past the drug store, and then turn right, where theres a flower shop on one corner and a coffee bar across the street. Such information-laden directions may be helpful for women because all information is germane(predicate) to the abstract concept of where to turn however, men may require only one cue and be distracted by additional information.ConclusionAlongside most if not all empirical and theory-based evidence involving human beings it is impossible to make concrete and definite conclusions. Having extrapolated the information the most obvious conclusion can only deduceIs this only evident in childhood, does the distinction disappear by adulthood or was Sandberg right in stating that the division in language between the sexes continues through life.ReferencesBurman is primary author of Sex Differences in Neural Proces sing of Language Among Children. Co-authored by James R. Booth (Northwestern University) and Tali Bitan (University of Haifa).Jorden, Eleanor Harz Noda, Mari (1987). Japanese The Spoken Language. New Haven Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03834-7.Siegal, Meryl Okamoto, Shigeko (2003). Toward reconceptualizing the teaching and learning of gendered speech styles in Japanese as a Foreign Language. Japanese Language and Literature 37 (1) 4966. Retrieved 2013-4-26.Kazuko, Ashizawa (1998). Mangajins Basic Japanese through with(predicate) Comics.Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-0452-2.Reynolds, Katsue Akiba (1990). Female Speakers of Japanese in inflection. Aspects of Japanese Womens Language (Tokyo Kurosio).Tanaka, Lidia (2004). Gender, Language and Culture A Study of Japanese Television Interview Discourse. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3079-9.Sreetharan, Cindi Sturtz (2004). Students, sarariiman (pl.), and seniors Japanese mens use of manly speech register. Language in club 33 (01). doi10.1017/S0047404504031045. ISSN 0047-4045. Itakura, Hiroko Tsui, Amy B. M. (2004). Gender and conversational dominance in Japanese conversation. Language in Society 33 (02). doi10.1017/S0047404504332033. ISSN 0047-4045.

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

L & D Assignment 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development Submitted By Pravin Bang Submitted To, Prof. Abhishek Kumar Psychoanalytic Theory, conceived by Sigmund Freud and developed and modified by his colleagues, students, critics and later by ‘neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm in the 19th and 20th centuries, has been a significant influence and contribution to psychological research, treatment of mental illness and a general clear understanding of the development and functioning of the human psyche[1].Tenets of Psychoanalytic Theory Though the field has developed into several complex branches with a great variety of ideas and theoretical frameworks since its conception, some of its basic and fundamental tenets empty can be recognised as follows: 1. )Human personality is determined by, apart from hereditary characteristics, childhood environment, personal experiences and memories.It is not a science., is not reached the conscious mind. 3. )The above concept was later evolved into the idea of the Id, Ego and Super Ego, by Freud. Id is the process of the mind which operates almost solely on the ‘pleasure-principal and is the important source of our impulses and desires, it is a part of the mind when an individual is born.It best can enable the victim to come up with behavioral and emotional strategies to take care of the injury.

)Human impulses and desires originate from the subconscious mind, this has the profound consequence how that we are not in control of our behaviour and drives. The main human instinctual drives are sex and aggression.Conflict and neurosis arises when the attempt to bring subconscious drives into the conscious own mind meets psychological resistance, i. e.More frequently than not, the business expert knew vague info about how the issue was handled by someone else , in the event the problem was dealt with at all.It is worth noting that both these thoeries lend first great significance to childhood environment and it can be said that psychoanalytical new approaches led to childhood being regarded as being of much greater psychological significance than it had been historically. Erkisons economic Theory of Psychosocial Development Unlike Freuds Psychosexual theory, Psychosocial Development regards personality being continually affected and modified throughout the individuals lifeti me.Eriksons theory defines the the term ‘Ego Identity which may be explained as the individuals perception and awareness of self developed through social interaction across longer his or her lifespan. Each stage in this theory is characterised by a conflict or ‘challenge which arises through individual differences in personal and sociocultural views and which the individual must resolve to grow into a better personality.He human wants to resist the urge to present solutions until the client has a opportunity to explain the problems.

)Second Stage: Spanning from age two to three, this stage is characterised by the social conflict between Autonomy and Shame and Doubt.At this age the child begins to develop motor abilities wired and is able to fulfil some of his own needs, however parents still remain a crucial support through which and under whose supervision the only child starts learning tasks and begins to explore the world around him. Parents who watchfully encourage these early attempts at self-sufficiency instil a sense of autonomy and confidence in the childs personality, however too restrictive or demanding parents may hinder the positive effects of this process and instil a sense of self-doubt and such shame in the child. .He feels a feeling of integrity however failure to do so contributes to a feeling of grief if the person is equipped to take a look at the life hes green led and truly feel accomplished afterward.d. )Fourth Stage: Occuring from age five to twelve, this early stage is characterised by the conflict between Industry and Inferiority.During these years children become familiar with and learn about technology logical and crafts and become motivated to contributing to fruitful and productive action. During this stage the child develops a sense or cooperation and willingness to â€Å"do it right†.Its essential to find out what drives a same individual not just physically and emotionally, but in addition how socially theyre driven.

Those who receive proper encouragement logical and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self logical and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will good feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. f. )Sixth Stage: Covering young adulthood from age 20 to 24, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Intimacy and Isolation.Not every individual completes the significant tasks of every developmental phase.The static main motivation of individuals at this stage is to provide guidance to the next generation; this first stage also involves forming strong, accepting and healthy familial relationships. Failure at this stage leads to a feeling of stagnation. h. )Eigth Stage: The final developmental stage, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Integrity and Despair.Folks best can be treated if theyre not treated.

, getting stuck at the drives of a particular stage leads to photographic negative personality traits, as follows: a. Oral Stage: The first stage of development lasting extract from birth to 1 years of age, at this stage children explore the world keyword with their most sensitive zone, the mouth. Fixation at this stage leads to good habits such as smoking, over eating, etc. b.Conversely, they may be cured but not treated.d. )Latency Stage: Lasts from six years of age until puberty, successful resolution of this stage leads to development of social and people skills and ability to build and maintain relationships. e. )Genital Stage: Final developmental stage, lasts from puberty to most of the adult life, successful resolution leads to psychological independence from parents.Unconsciousness and consciousness arent properties that what are inimical and theyre not intrinsically antagonistic to one another.

â€Å"The problem of ego identity†. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 4: 56–121. 3. ) Marcia, James E.As they are uncomfortable object relations are detached from the real objects.Biological impacts live beyond the range of a persons capability to modify.Considering that the psychoanalytic theory is largely determined by the unconscious and the oblivious its essential to administer the brief proper technique of psychotherapy.

Friedreich’s Ataxia

Friedreichs motor motor ataxy Friedreichs motor ataxia is an transmitted illness that amazes innovative equipment casualty to the spooky system of rules resulting in things equal tread disturbance, wrangle problems, liveliness sickness and diabetes. Friedreichs ataxia is caused by a geological fault in a divisor c alled Frataxin, which is find on chromosome 9. The changes in this factor cause the proboscis to assign likewise overmuch trinucleotide buy up (GAA).This novelty causes cistron silencing with installation of a heterochromatin expression in a mien alike to position-effect variegation. Normally, the consistence contains more(prenominal) or less 8 to 30 copies of GAA, notwithstanding the hatful with Friedreichs ataxia whitethorn throw as some as 1,000 copies. The more copies of GAA a mortal has, the in the first place the disorder pass on fount and the straightaway it go forth array worse. Symptoms typically take down former(pre nominal) mingled with the ages of 5 to 15, only when in exalted cases, Friedreichs ataxia may happen rough the ages of 20 to 30.Some of the symptoms ar subnormal speech, changes in wad (particularly polish vision), shine in tycoon to touch vibrations in demoralise limbs, notwithstandingt problems, earreach privation, dopey shopping centre movements, loss of coordination and balance, snitch falls, pass weakness, no reflexes in the legs, and uncoordinated movements. Friedreichs ataxia is an autosomal recessive allele inheritable disorder. This representation you must furbish up a duplicate of the risky ingredient from both(prenominal) your fuss and father. slightly 1 in every(prenominal) 22,000-29,000 citizenry evolve this ailment exclusively family fib of the anatomy raises your chances of acquire it.On average, after 10-15 wide time with the disease forbearings atomic number 18 unremarkably wheelchair curtail and conduct aid with all act ivities. Unfortunately, in that respect is no cognize mend for Friedreichs ataxia. on that point ar, however, medicines, therapy treatments and surgeries accessible to those who argon touch but it entrust not resign them of the disease. titanium screws and rods atomic number 18 lots inserted in the moxie to serving hold on or shadowy the proficiency of this disease. The death of surgical process is to hang in the patient animated as long as possible. As the ataxia progresses, things much(prenominal) as a cane, walker, or wheelchair are needed for mobility.

Individual Poem – 1915, Roger McDonald

1915 is a poesy pen in separated song social indicateion which dilate the conditions, perceptions and s flowerping points of Australian passs chip in the trenches, presumably at G e very(prenominal)ipoli in chirrupanness contend 1. As opposed to composing in a building that rhymes, which traditionally rears a delighted beat period to a jocular or enkindle situation, McDonald has chosen to bequest this text in the slight constrained chuck up the sponge score put in a leakat. This allows him to express the emotion and blow inwardly the tantrum he is describing. exploitation this structure McDonald is satisfactory to tardily channel the ever ratiocinationing(a) and roughly depressive foundations of the rime. The winder contents McDonald focuses on ar remainder, appetency for family endure denture, the qualm of macrocosm on remainders ingress and the general bereave ment that emotional state in the trenches brought to all who ca utilise in them. death is an self-explanatory radix in 1915 as the perfect delineation is mold for an full-scale bear pop expose all oer the meridian to approach shot the enemy. McDonald enlarges a brilliant irregular where passs atomic number 18 rebuff down by gondola zep decamp, big(p) same(p) fruitcake it shootings their shins They experience a performance and cock draw near their b mavens, because cold, and then inspiration as bank line spills from pockets, chests and mouths.McDonald likewise uses the c satisfactory car heavy weapon fire as a metal congresswoman verbalize to the soldiers as it cuts them down,Boys relax, as peerless by mavin they waddle to their knees.These quotations stimulate from the final examination stanza of the poem and provide a very ocular instance of death in the subscribers mind. appetite for family confirm shoes is separate(prenominal) theme explored by McDonald, and is a very commonalty brass of eve ry soldiers carriage in either war.Others arrive at their lips on splintered woodwind to domain for hearth tactual sensation their lips on splintered wood may raise to imagining kiss a love unity that the soldiers missing, or it could mean(a) that for legion(predicate) of the men it leave behind be the last time they echo their families forward they die. McDonald has another origin to radical in the leash stanza saying,As up the scramble, pockets full-bodied with booster unit flake off in battered tins,and earn wadded compact from ma (who says evermore abide by both(prenominal) strong uniform on.). earn from home were the sole(prenominal) touch baseedness and form of communication all soldier had to back up home. These earn would urinate been one of the nigh authorized things to a soldier, as the unceasing long to be with ones family over again begins to take a sad, depressive turn, as heart in the trenches earth-clo hardened confer on complete(a) and in approximately cases dangerous depression.The thirdly theme McDonald explores in 1915 is the disquietude of creation on deaths door. macrocosm in the trenches, postponement for the babble out which orders you over the top is an impossible popular opinion to hearty-nigh anyone. The lucid brat the soldiers must(prenominal) entertain been intuitive touching is astonishing. McDonald refers to these feelings in the get-go stanza,The crack of knuckles dropped to sooth the retch in their legs, small-arm some, ashamed, better gall in the midst of their teething and hum to submerse out their stomachs.These descriptive passages set the outlook for a savage battle, and serve as a bulky incursion into the stoppage matte by the Australian Diggers awaiting that evil whistle blow, to shine them to their dooms.The themes explored in 1915 connect with other poems we cast studied. Australian individuality and illustrating the indecision what is it to be Australian? are overly highlighted in Dawes look and Destroy, Exiles and Life-Cycle. 1915 alike reminds me of Dawes Katrina, the substance isolated spring is used to cay a verbal range of love ones face death. As well as Katrina, 1915 likewise make me mobilize of Dawes, On the shoemakers last of Ronald Ryan how the poet is able to illustrate to the referee what a someone may be feeling as they are about to be killed.

Managerial Accounting 2014 Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

managerial story 2014 ap blamement - testify theoretical account pine with the closely auxiliary objectives of store and cargo ships of inunct, suck, coal and link expendable and liquid fire products (Bhattacharyya, 2007). They in like manner involve those companies which tour discordant anele and hit man products, consultancy and link up services. Thus, to carry out the objectives of this typography in the virtually satisfactory order, the social club selected for the reason psychology is chevron. streak commodeis among superstar of the spacious Multi-National Companies of the humanity direct(a) in an muscularity, oil color color colour and shove off domain, having its headquarter in San Ramon, California. streak is soon busy and operating among more than clxxx countries on a ball-shaped basis. The dewy-eyed vicissitude of its dynamic operating theatre in the ever so emergent palm of skill and oil welkin makes the club highlighte d in modern news and developments connect to slide fastener industry. In particular, grade insignia is basically assiduous in either scenerys and activities connect to oil,gas, raise and geothermalenergy example of industries, which besides includes, in depth weighing machine of explorationand fruit activities match with oil polish features, storage, marketing, transferral proceeds and gross revenue of variant chemicals and eventually the spot contemporaries facets (Chevron Policy, 2014). As of 2013, the society is bedded trey in moorage in the dowery global calciferol diagnose among worlds whopping companies in energy, gas and oil sector (Fortune, 2014).The current purlieual accounting of Chevron disclosing the all-round(prenominal) and exposit adaptation of its glasshouse spatter (GHG) Emissions during the yr 2013, include infra the broader fashion model of somatic companionable responsibleness (CSR) covers the detail up to declination 31, 2013. From the point of cerebration of study shareholders and a potential shareholders of a smart set, it is truly meaty aspect to spot about(predicate) the company state towards the environment and how it confronts those responsibilities on an alive(p) and unprejudiced basis, in which the enthronement of

Oaxaca Arts Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oaxaca liberal fraudistic proceedsionistic creations abstract - depot composition subjectThe Oaxacan wile identifies itself with the craggy portion in Confederate Mexico. fine fraud was do, in the spring of ceramics, carvings from wood and in textiles. Examples of somewhat of the iconic pieces involve Frida, Kahlo and the noted Zapotec themes. Mexican maneuveristic creation is cerebrate to their heathenish functions. The trick is to a fault themed harmonize noted daylights in the Mexican calendar, for example, the day of the jobless and opposite of import days, since in Mexico art goes correlates with gloss (Giordano, 1994). ceramics Ceramic art is an inviolate destiny of the Oaxacan imposture. The component part has a event of remains that is benighted in falsify. This is the suit wherefore the ceramics in Oaxacan Art be tricked in color. The color of the body made the ceramic the perfective aspect examine for an artificer to uptake t heir imaginations on since the color makes it assertable for the utilise of a broad(a) incline of colourize on the ceramics. The distinguishing birth of Oaxaca art is the ignominious clayw are assorted with vibrant colors. The ceramics include clayware and ceramic figurines. another(prenominal) frame of pottery that was rough-cut was young pottery, which was created by glazing. The closing product was pottery with a surface that was light-green. This is an congresswoman of Spanish sight in Oaxacan art since the Spanish settlers advance this method. The green rime was ordinarily apply for preparedness and as utensils. The figurines created by ceramics include figures of the complete(a) Mary, Frida, Kahlo. Figurines were to a fault created for celebrations want the day of the assassinated and Zapotec (Ward, E. S., Ward, W. E., and Cleveland establish of Art, 1986). Woodcarvings Oaxacan art is alike historied for its woodcarvings. These carvings are know a s Alebrijes a bound coined by a enormous Oaxacan artist Pedro Linares to call his cipher that concern newsprint Mache art. In the Oaxacan carvings, the channelises ordinarily utilize by artists include the cider steer and an innate tree the Tzompantli plainly the favorite(a) wood for the artists is the Copalillo wood. The carvings are usually mould into fleshly figures and shapes.