Water Quality Of Perlis River Environmental Sciences Essay

Water superior Of Perlis River Environmental Sciences EssayMalaysia is enriched by abundance of natural resources and unrivalled of them is the rivers or also known as surface wet. River or surface irrigate is precious and vital natural resource for all life on Earth especially human being as it provides wet add for human domestic use, irrigation for agriculture, as a means of transportation, industries use and so on. Even though there always has been plenty of fresh water in Malaysia, clean water supply has not always been getable overdue to the rising water pollution problem.Nowadays, Malaysia has become an industrialized inelegant and no longer left behind the other developed countries just now at the cost of the environment. Effluent from the industrial ara which is then discharged nowadays into the rivers without prior treatment is the main sources of water pollution. Besides, human activities much(prenominal) as the uses of agricultural chemicals, soil erosion du e to improper emergence project, land use and so on ar also contributed signifi crouptly to water pollution (Niemi et al., 1990). Pollution of river with high concentration of toxic chemicals and redundant nutrients, which atomic number 18 resulting from surface water runoff, leaching from landfill site and ground water discharges has been aroused the public concern towards the water pollution issue. Thus, there is a extremity to assess river or surface water feeling due to the increased understanding of the importance of water quality towards public health and aquatic life (Ying, 2005).Peninsular Malaysia consists of 11 put forwards and two federal territories whereas Perlis is the smallest state among them. Perlis state is situated at the northwest of peninsular Malaysia. in that respect are more than ten major rivers within the Perlis stadium while Perlis River is one of the most important rivers in Perlis. The length of the Perlis River is approximately 11 km through Kangar city to Kuala Perlis while the size of the river basin is approximately 310 km. Perlis River has become the c attain stage for the public to socialize and for recreational activities specially at Denai Larian Sungai Perlis. The number of visitors who are visiting to the river and surrounding area for endure and recreation purpose is estimated to be achieved 10,000 peoples per month. However, the quality of Perlis River does not reach the in demand(p) level and it is much difference if compared to the major rivers at developed countries.There are some problems which occurred at Perlis River at present. According to the Interim issue Water Quality Standards for Malaysia, the status of water quality at Sungai Perlis is categorise as Class III. There is heavy erosion occurred at Perlis River and star to the river banks become very shallow. Residents which located surrounding the river have thrown ice or solid waste into the river therefore causing to unaesthetic shooting and it is not accessible to boats. Besides, there is a landfill located in Kuala Perlis and this directly affects the water quality of the river when the leachate is leaching out. Squatters located near the river reserve area are also causing pollution problems and there is a need to regular patrols or hut-to-hut checks. Other point source pollution such as shrimp livestock ponds, Kangar wet market, esplanade at Perlis River, food stable and the Kuala Perlis fisherman jetty are contributed really to the water pollution at Perlis River. (www.1s1rcommunity.net)On the other hand, the sources of water pollution can be categorise into point and non-point sources. Point sources of pollution refer to those easily identifiable pollutants which enter the water resource though a direct route, for example, effluent from wastewater treatment plants. Whereas for non-point source pollution, it refer to those pollutants which enter from diffuse sources and they are toilsome to control, such as stormwater runoff (P.Jamwal et al., 2008).In this study, Mann-Kendall trend test and champion component synopsis (PCA) have been applied to chance the trends of water quality entropy and to obtain the most significant parameters in order to suck the sources of pollutants. Mann-Kendall trend test is one of the most widely used non-parametric tests to detect significant trends in time series. It has the advantage that their power and significance are not affected by the actual distribution of the data (Hamed, 2009). and then it is more suitable for detecting trends in hydrological time series, which are normally skewed and contained the outliers.Mann-Kendall trend test has been widely used in assessing the variableness on hydrological time series (Hamed, 2008). The examples of earlier studies which applied Mann-Kendall technique are trend study and assessment of surface water quality in the Ebro River (Bouza-Deano et al., 2008), hydrological trend analysis due to landuse ch anges at Langat River basin (Juahir et al., 2010), identification of hydrological trends at Canadian Rivers (Khaliq, 2009) and so on.Principal component analysis (PCA), one of the multivariate statistical techniques, is helps in reducing redundant parameters with minimum loss of maestro information (Helena et al., 2000). A better understanding of water quality can be achieved through the explanation of complex water quality data matrices. Besides, it allows the identification of possible factors or sources that affect water systems and therefore a reliable management of water resources as well as swift solution to pollution problems can be found out (Vega et al., 1998 Wunderlin et al., 2001 Reghunath et al., 2002 Simeonova et al., 2003 Simeonov et al., 2004).In recent familys, head component analysis (PCA) has been applied in dissimilar aspect of field including environmental issues. It has been used to characterize and assess water quality data, and it is efficacious in verif ying temporal and spatial variations caused by natural and anthropogenic factors (Helena et al., 2000 Singh et al., 2004, 2005). The examples of application of PCA in environmental issues are interpretation of ground water hydrographs (Winter et al., 2000), examination of spatial and temporal patterns of heavy admixture contamination (Shine et al., 1995) identification of herbicide species related to hydrological conditions (Tauler et al., 2000) and so on.The aims of this study are to detect the trends of water quality data at Perlis River and determine the significant parameters that contributed to water pollution by using Mann-Kendall and principal component analysis techniques. A deeper understanding of the evolution in water quality from the year 2003 until year 2007 can be achieved via the Mann-Kendall trend test. Besides, by using the principal component analysis (PCA), the sources of pollutants can be traced and thus some moderation measures can be carried out.